At the beginning of this year, I set a goal for myself to pass the JLPT N1 exam.JLPT is a Japanese Language exam which primarily focuses on testing the comprehension portions of Japanese. That is because it lacks a speaking and writing portion. The primary areas of competency it tests are reading, grammar, vocabulary, and listening. Honestly I feel that they should just do away with the grammar/vocabulary portion and introduce a speaking portion, even if they would need to make the reading harder to compensate.
The virtues of the test are that it is graded unlike tests like TOEIC or IELTS which are the same regardless of the individual's level. It also is widely recognized as the definitive test for schools and career purposes as well as official governmental applications. Other than this, I don't think it has any advantages over any other particular test while exhibiting many deficiencies.
So why would I take this test then? Primarily it is due to the lack of availability of a better test in Japanese combined with the fact that JLPT has widespread recognition. I want to prove a point so to speak.
Currently many of those learning Japanese go one of two routes. The first route would be to go the textbook method, proceed from Genki or Minna No Nihongo to an intermediate textbook like Tobira and perhaps start engaging with some native materials and do some test preparation for the test and hopefully optimistically you will be able to pass the JLPT N1 in 4-5 years of consistent study. Some will reply that they did it faster, but I will remind them the vast majority of Japanese students never pass the N2 even after many years of study. There are also ways exceptions to the rule, of course. I know a Chinese woman who passed the N1 after 2 or 3 years of study.
The second route which is common online is the AJATT method. This method was created by Khatzumoto. He was an early leader in the learn Japanese online community. His essential idea was to surround yourself with as much Japanese as possible and the input would eventually give you fluency in Japanese.
This method has evolved over time, now most AJATTers use Anki decks to frontload the basic most common words of the language. The most common decks used are the Core deck 2.3k/6k, Kaishi deck 1.5k, and the Ankidrone Tango N5/N4 deck/TheMoeWay Tango N5/N4 deck. Then after the individual finishes studying that deck, they proceed to use their own content to read via visual novels, anime, manga, dramas, etc. By using the various tools available for Anki, they collect vocabulary from these sources and drill themselves with that vocabulary from their own decks. They also usually use a grammar guide to try to understand the rudiments of grammar.
During that entire time, the AJATTers immerse themselves in native content to the best of their ability. They listen to a lot of anime or other content which interests them like podcasts, radio shows, or music. There is usually a lot of passive and active immersion. Many of them advocate for watching content which you already have had some exposure to prior, so that your comprehension will be higher.
This method definitely works much better than the first method. While many people will not N1 level on this path, the vast majority of people who try it will achieve a good level of success. I would also argue that if you study a reasonable amount of time and read a good amount, you should be able to reach N1 level in 3 years. There are, again, exceptions like Jazzy and TheDoth who reached N1 level in 8 months and 15 months respectively and of course some other exceptions who never received N1.
However I think there are several problems with both methods. Obviously the textbook method has flaws easily able to be pointed out. It follows the grammar-translation method, which is a practice without a theory. It has been shown to be inferior in nearly every test every conducted, it relies on the false narrative that if you memorize enough vocabulary and do a enough grammar exercises you magically learn a language. It lacks a sufficient amount of comprehensible input and the biggest fault of all, it's a waste of time.
The one advantage of the textbook that some other self-study methods lack is the basic organizational structure. They at least have a clear progression from easy to hard and it's easy to track where you are relative to where you want to be. However, at the end you will still not be able to achieve a high level of Japanese once you finish the textbook.
AJATT is more complicated because it does have a lot of good. It relies on compelling, interesting, content and a ton of input which hopefully will become comprehensible to the learner eventually. The focus on vocabulary is extremely important as it's by far the hardest part of learning any language simply due to the vast amount of words in any given corpus.
One flaw I find is that the teaching of grammar is quite poorly done. One way you might be able to see this is the variety of guides which are available and are given as options. Tae Kim, Sakubi, just do Genki/Minna no Nihongo, Cure Dolly, Imabi, etc. This variety is reflective of the fact that none of the options are much better than a textbook, save for the fact that they are quicker to read and don't have as many exercises.
I tend to think that AJATTers like to think they are very different from textbooks users but really they are quite the same in the manner of accepting that grammar must be taught by rote memorization and reading grammar explanations.
Grammar should be taught via a basal reader which severely shelters vocabulary and teaches the grammar via the inductive-contextual method, similar to the method done in the books Lingua Latina Per Illustrata or the Nature Method series for English, French, and Italian. I have seen r/LearnJapanese learners say 'iT oNlY wOrKs BeCaUsE oF bOrRoWeD vOcAbUlArY/sImIlAr GrAmMaR' which clearly shows they have never taught Asian students with such materials before.
The other flaw with AJATT is that it overly uses incomprehensible input at every level. Beginners cannot understand even a modicum of real Japanese even if they know the anime because they saw it before. They are not able to accurately mapped semantic meaning to the content they being received and thus they don't have real comprehension, they are simply recalling what they heard before and arbitrarily mapping it.
When the students start to mine themselves, they rely on using a dictionary far too much. The content is clearly too hard for them to proceed through and instead they are focused on trying to puzzle together a sentence via dictionary. This is simply not real reading, and it's a painful exercise for a lot of people. The necessary thing is read something which you can understand at least at 90% or more from the beginning.
There is a misconception that extensive reading refers primarily to the speed of reading rather than to the amount of content which is not understood. Extensive Reading is simply reading which 98% of the words are known to the reader. Simply put, the experience of a beginner to intermediate reading Japanese authentic material usually results in some level of reading pain and can be more accurately described as decoding.
One phenomenon that is rarely discussed but should be emphasized is that those who do AJATT often have very low level of output compared to input. Part of this has to do with skill practice, of course you need some practice to begin speaking. However, another portion of this is failed acquisition of the language. It's extremely difficult to produce content which you have merely memorized, it takes much more time to retrieve that information because it is not yet acquired. However that difference is not felt as significantly if all we are doing is input. If we have a sentence which we have acquired some(70%) percentage of the words and we have memorized the other percentage, while we are much slower than we naturally would be if we acquired 100%, functionally we would be able to figure out the meaning without too much difficulty.
Eventually, the users of AJATT do acquire sufficient comprehensible input to reach intensive reading levels and eventually extensive reading levels, but from what I can see it is beyond the 2 year mark for most. This chart illustrates the level of vocabulary needed to reach the 98% mark. I will note, you can squabble about the necessary percentage, maybe for example 95% is fine for extensive reading but these numbers are the ones backed by the research.
For my own background, I have learned many languages before and I have been teaching other English for years. I have seen the process of how someone comes to know a language. I have talked to many people and seen their studying. These individual case studies from people like MattvsJapan, Jazzy, and theDoth have been interesting to me, but I also have to remember that for each of them there are thousands of students who went through the textbook method.
In terms of Japanese, up until January I had no study of Japanese. I had a Japanese girlfriend for approximately 1 year(this situation was extremely complex and not exactly ideal for language acquisition) but I didn't make a conscious effort to learn. I also haven't ever lived in Japan and only visited once but never for the purposes of learning.
I currently live in Vietnam so I don't have a lot of occasions to practice Japanese. I am a full-time English teacher and I drive a lot. I usually am not home until 9 or 10pm. So I need to optimize my time to achieve this goal. However, I would like to follow as many of the principles of comprehensible input that I can.
When I was learning Latin, I tried using grammar-translation method and I didn't learn anything. I tried flashcards and it also was unhelpful. It took a lot of reading and discussion to make me reach fluency, but it was achieved very quickly.
Here is my plan for achieving fluency.
Vocabulary:
I have chosen the Ankidrone Tango decks over the Kaishi decks and the Core decks. It seems to be far superior in terms of methodology. The ideas that vocabulary ought to be taught in sentences, at an i+1 manner, and in groups sorted by subject are supported by the research and they all seem to try to move from memorization to acquisition. Despite the worries from some members about context clues, if I can understand the sentence and can produce it then I understand it, regardless if I could recognize the Kanji separated from it's context. (note, I think the Ankidrone Foundation is probably better but I started the Essentials first).
I plan to complete all 5 of the decks which go from N5->N1 level. It contains 8000 words, and I am currently learning 75 cards a day. Which means I should finish in around 3 months. After that I will continue to do my reviews for this deck. I don't believe that this deck itself can generate efficient acquisition, but I believe it will give a much higher percentage than word based decks. After that point, I would be approaching 90-93% of understanding of most texts. But still 10,000 words under extensive reading parameters for 98% coverage.
Grammar:
There are few good resources for Japanese grammar. I have tried making a reader for this purpose but it didn't attract much attention. The best method is to avoid grammatical explanation at all if possible. One should try to learn grammar as much from examples and understanding grammar in context. One misconception Japanese learners have is that grammar is fundamentally difficult to learn.
Grammatical errors become relatively rare after high level acquisition and the mistakes become relatively less and less important with regards to comprehension. However, the gap in vocabulary is almost never bridged between native speaker and non-native speaker simply due to the fact that adults are also consistently gaining vocabulary.
Thus the basic grammar should be acquired deeply and not drilled in and it will naturally be learned via exposure. There are two resources which almost follow this method. The first one is called Dr.Dru's Main experiment. This one shelters vocabulary very heavily to try illustrate many basic grammatical concepts via emojis and examples. It is really quite excellently done and is an amazing effort. I have printed out the whole website and it's actually around 1000 pages long. I try to read between 30-60 pages a day, though usually it is around 30.
The second resource is called JLab's course based on Tae Kim, this deck uses anime to provide thousands of example sentences in conjunction with Tae Kim's guide. The author puts a lot of explanation of the grammatical meaning into the deck but I try to ignore his explanations as much as possible so that I can just learn from the examples. I do 75 cards a day and it's fairly easy to do. It has around 4200 cards, which means I should finish in around two months.
Reading:
The way to achieve acquisition is to read and I have put a lot of effort in considering what would be best for reading. As I mentioned above, I think a basal reader would be the best approach so to combine comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, and grammar acquisition. But seeing as that is impossible currently, I have bought all 78 Nihongo Yomuyomu Bunko graded readers, each story is around 15 pages so I estimate it is around 1200 pages. I also found their free books on Reddit. I don't want to read the Level 0 I stories because I do find them a bit boring so that gives me around 1800 pages in addition to read.
Once I get to N3 level, or Level 4ish on the Nihongo Yomuyomu scale, I will start reading NHK Web News Easy daily.
JGRPG Sakura is another graded reader site which seems to have a variety of levels. It seems like level A->C corresponds roughly to level 1 of Nihongo Yomuyomu, D->E to Level 2, E->F to Level 3, F->G to Level 4, and H to Level 5. My goal will be to start incorporate Sakura at level appropriate times, starting after I finish Level 0 of Nihongo Yomuyomu.
At the N2 and N1 level, it is going to become more and more difficult to reach the last stage. YomuJP Tadoku Dōjō will probably be useful but it is only non-fiction which is less useful than fiction texts. I have a variety of Japanese novels which I can begin to read at this point but I am afraid they might be too hard still.
I do have a copy of the visual novel Ace Attorney, I don't particularly like VNs or LNs because of the otaku nature of it, but I will probably try it out around that time. I also have a copy of Dies Irae, which has been recommended by a few people as a difficult challenge. Perhaps at N1 level I will try it. If people have recommendation of VNs to read that are not super perverted, and maybe have a more historical/cultural theme, I would maybe try them out.
Listening:
My listening plan revolves around using the Youtube channel Comprehensible Japanese . Yuki seems to grade her material very well, and I can listen to it easily on my way to work and while I am commuting around the city. The other channel I am attracted to is Shino Sensei which teaches Japanese by level with stories. Right now it seems they are significantly harder than Comprehensible Japanese but they are graded.
I also have many Disney movies which are in Japanese which I may be able to watch around N3 level. I did this a lot for Italian and it worked super well for listening comprehension. I would also like to watch the Studio Ghibli films in Japanese, several of them I really enjoy. They seem to be rated as quite difficult though, so perhaps after the Disney movies.
I do have a few anime which I enjoy but I am not a big fan of most to be honest. I will probably watch Hajime No Ippo, Dragonball, Evangelion, Hellsing, Shaman King and Conan, but I am not sure where they fit in yet in terms of difficulty.
I know there are a lot of dramas that are fairly normal situations like Terrence House or The Full Time Wife Escapist which might be fun to watch.
I would like to get to the point where I can watch Taiga Drama, but I think it will be a decent challenge. I enjoy historical situations and I know there is a huge backlog of seasons to watch.
Evaluation:
I hope to take a practice N3 exam in Late March before the registration deadline and if I pass that practice test, I will go ahead with my plan to pass the exam! Wish me good luck!